Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 109
Filter
1.
Braz. dent. sci ; 27(1): 1-8, 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1551124

ABSTRACT

Objective: To reduce environmental biohazards, technicians should be educated with safe biological waste disposal procedures and dental material recycling. The present study assesses the retentive force, deformation test and XRD analysis of re-injection acetal resin clasps. Material and Methods: specimens were prepared for clasp retention test injection according to the manufacture's instruction for acetal resin. The first group represent control group with (100% New) and other five groups as experimental groups (group II (25% old +75% new), group III (50% old + 50%) new, and group IV (75% old + 25% new) with different percentages between new acetal materials and old acetal materials, while two last groups with several times (group V (100% old) and group VI (re-injection two times)) only used old acetal materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) device used to give structural information for the materials to be tested. The study data were analyzed via One-way ANOVA (LSD) at a significant P-value of (p≤0.05) and a confidence level of 95%. Results: After comparing the results, a significant improvement in the retentive force of acetal clasp specimens after re-injection two times there was found high mean value in group re-injection two times and lower mean value recorded in control group. In XRD patterns of there was no diffraction peak refers to crystal structure of acetal resin. Conclusion: the present study findings concluded that the recycling of acetal resin enhanced the retentive force of acetal clasp and not affected on the crystal structures of material(AU)


Objetivo: Para reduzir os riscos biológicos ambientais, os técnicos devem ser educados com procedimentos seguros de eliminação de resíduos biológicos e reciclagem de material dentário. O presente estudo avalia a força de retenção, teste de deformação e análise de DRX de grampos de resina acetal reinjetada. Material e Métodos: as amostras foram preparadas para o teste de retenção dos grampos e a injeção realizada de acordo com as instruções do fabricante para resina de acetal. O primeiro grupo representa o grupo controle com (100% novo) e os outros cinco grupos como grupos experimentais (grupo II (25% antigo + 75% novo), grupo III (50% antigo + 50% novo) e grupo IV (75% antigo + 25% novo) com porcentagens diferentes entre materiais de acetal novos e antigos, enquanto os dois últimos grupos (grupo V (100% antigo) e grupo VI (reinjeção duas vezes)) utilizaram apenas materiais de acetal antigos. O dispositivo de difração de raios X (DRX) foi utilizado para fornecer informações estruturais dos materiais a testados. Os dados do estudo foram analisados por ANOVA um fator (LSD) com um valor P significativo de (p≤0,05) e um nível de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Após a comparação dos resultados, foi encontrada uma melhora significativa na força de retenção das amostras de grampo de acetal após duas reinjeções, além disso, foi registrado um maior valor médio no grupo reinjeção duas vezes e menor valor médio no grupo controle. Nos padrões de DRX não houve pico de difração referente à estrutura cristalina da resina acetal. Conclusão: os resultados do presente estudo concluíram que a reciclagem da resina de acetal aumentou a força retentiva do grampo e não afetou as estruturas cristalinas do material(AU)


Subject(s)
Dental Clasps
2.
Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery ; (12): 397-400, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-993344

ABSTRACT

Malignant obstructive jaundice is caused by direct invasion or compression of the biliary tract by malignant tumors of the bile duct, pancreas and other systems. Patients are often accompanied by symptoms such as malnutrition, low immune function, and organ damage. The treatments of active preoperative biliary drainage and reasonable reinfusion combined with enteral nutrition can help improve the safety of patients during the perioperative period, reduce postoperative complications, and improve the life quality of patients. This article reviewed the research progress of preoperative biliary drainage, bile recycling methods and precautions in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, aiming to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment practice.

3.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 1976-1986, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-981183

ABSTRACT

Although polyurethane (PUR) plastics play important roles in daily life, its wastes bring serious environmental pollutions. Biological (enzymatic) degradation is considered as an environmentally friendly and low-cost method for PUR waste recycling, in which the efficient PUR-degrading strains or enzymes are crucial. In this work, a polyester PUR-degrading strain YX8-1 was isolated from the surface of PUR waste collected from a landfill. Based on colony morphology and micromorphology observation, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and gyrA gene, as well as genome sequence comparison, strain YX8-1 was identified as Bacillus altitudinis. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed that strain YX8-1 was able to depolymerize self-synthesized polyester PUR oligomer (PBA-PU) to produce a monomeric compound 4, 4'-methylene diphenylamine. Furthermore, strain YX8-1 was able to degrade 32% of the commercialized polyester PUR sponges within 30 days. This study thus provides a strain capable of biodegradation of PUR waste, which may facilitate the mining of related degrading enzymes.


Subject(s)
Polyurethanes/chemistry , Polyesters/chemistry , Chromatography, Liquid , Phylogeny , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Bacteria/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental
4.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 1912-1929, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-981179

ABSTRACT

With the escalation of plastic bans and restrictions, bio-based plastics, represented by polylactic acid (PLA), have become a major alternative to traditional plastics in the current market and are unanimously regarded as having potential for development. However, there are still several misconceptions about bio-based plastics, whose complete degradation requires specific composting conditions. Bio-based plastics might be slow to degrade when it is released into the natural environment. They might also be harmful to humans, biodiversity and ecosystem function as traditional petroleum-based plastics do. In recent years, with the increasing production capacity and market size of PLA plastics in China, there is an urgent need to investigate and further strengthen the management of the life cycle of PLA and other bio-based plastics. In particular, the in-situ biodegradability and recycling of hard-to-recycle bio-based plastics in the ecological environment should be focused. This review introduces the characteristics, synthesis and commercialization of PLA plastics, summarizes the current research progress of microbial and enzymatic degradation of PLA plastics, and discusses their biodegradation mechanisms. Moreover, two bio-disposal methods against PLA plastic waste, including microbial in-situ treatment and enzymatic closed-loop recycling, are proposed. At last, the prospects and trends for the development of PLA plastics are presented.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ecosystem , Biodegradable Plastics , Polyesters , Biodegradation, Environmental
5.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 62(6): 1394-1400, dic. 2022. ilus.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1428314

ABSTRACT

El agua es esencial para la supervivencia de todos los organismos vivos. Por lo tanto, la reutilización de aguas residuales domésticas para fines de agua no potable es una probable solución para las áreas más necesitadas en agua en todo el mundo. La descarga de aguas residuales domésticas e industriales en los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos es extremadamente dañina para el medio ambiente. La tecnología de biofiltración es una plataforma de tratamiento versátil que se aplica para el tratamiento de agua potable. Se logra cuando los desinfectantes no pueden pasar por un filtro, los microbios crecen y se desarrollan en medios granulares y finalmente conlleva a la aparición de biopelículas activas. El objetivo del siguiente artículo es ofrecer al distrito de Huancayo, Perú una alternativa para reciclar las aguas residuales en esta localidad. Los resultados de este trabajo permitieron el diseño de biofiltro para el tratamiento de agua servidas de la ciudad de Huancayo, en Perú para ser utilizado en el cementerio ecológico de dicha ciudad. El caudal a ser manejado durante el tratamiento de aguas servidas fue de 0,35L/s; esto permitió un bioflitro con las siguientes características: 13,78m de largo y 6,89m de largo con una profundidad de 0,8m adecuados para el tratamiento de estas aguas servidas. Los cálculos de degradación de materia orgánica según los parámetros de DBO y DQO permitieron una remoción de la carga orgánica de 78mg/m2 al día. Estos resultados fueron excelentes para poder mantener la calidad de vida del ecosistema(AU)


Water is essential for the survival of all living organisms. Therefore, the reuse of domestic wastewater for non-potable water purposes is a likely solution for the areas most in need of water throughout the world. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater into surface and groundwater resources is extremely harmful to the environment. Biofiltration technology is a versatile treatment platform that is applied for the treatment of drinking water. It is achieved when disinfectants cannot pass through a filter, microbes grow and thrive in granular media, and ultimately leads to the appearance of active biofilms. The objective of the following article is to offer the district of Huancayo, Peru an alternative to recycle wastewater in this town. The results of this work allowed the design of a biofilter for the treatment of wastewater from the city of Huancayo, in Peru to be used in the ecological cemetery of said city. The flow to be managed during the sewage treatment was 0.35 L/s; this allowed a biofliter with the following characteristics: 13.78 m long and 6.89 m long with a depth of 0.8 m suitable for the treatment of these sewage. The organic matter degradation calculations according to the BOD and COD parameters allowed a removal of the organic load of 78 mg/m2 per day. These results were excellent to be able to maintain the quality of life of the ecosystem(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Biological Filters , Water Purification/methods , Peru
6.
rev. udca actual. divulg. cient ; 25(spe): e2145, jul. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395211

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Argentina, se encuentra entre los países de Latinoamérica con el mayor consumo de plásticos por habitante, con un valor de 42 kg, por año. El reciclaje mecánico de plástico, se presenta como una estrategia para recuperar los residuos y, de esta manera, evitar el uso de materia prima virgen, contribuyendo en la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el desempeño ambiental del reciclaje de plástico para la elaboración de postes en Mendoza, Argentina. En la evaluación, se utilizó el indicador tasa de beneficio de la reciclabilidad, adaptado para ciclo abierto y para su cálculo, se utilizaron los resultados del análisis de ciclo de vida de dos escenarios (vertedero y reciclaje). El valor del indicador resultó, para este caso de estudio, en 22 %. Este resultado positivo indica un ahorro ambiental de reciclar residuos plásticos posconsumo con respecto a la producción del producto, a partir de materia prima virgen (madera) y la disposición final de los residuos plásticos en el vertedero. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad, para el parámetro del indicador que considera la vida útil de los productos y los resultados mostraron la necesidad de evitar su suposición, mediante su correcta determinación, con base a aspectos técnicos, económicos o de la calidad.


ABSTRACT Argentina is one of the largest consumers of plastic materials in Latin America; the average consumption is 42 kg per capita per year. Mechanical recycling of plastics is a process for recovering plastic materials, and this practice produces recycled plastics substituting virgin materials. Substituting virgin materials with recycling plastics is a common practice that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work aims to assess the environmental performance of a case study on plastic waste recycling in Mendoza, Argentina. We applied the open-loop recyclability benefit rate indicator in the plastic waste treatment, which is based on an LCA approach. The indicator results in 22 %, this result indicates a potential environmental saving related to the recycling of the post-consumer plastic waste compared to the production of virgin material (wood) and landfilling of waste in terms of GHG emissions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to study the effect of the parameter that considers the lifetime of the products. There is a need to account for the lifetime of the product made from recycled material and the one made from virgin material. The accounting could be determined based on economic aspects, technical aspects, or material quality.

7.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 62(3): 565-572, 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1397753

ABSTRACT

El reciclaje, la reutilización y la reducción en el consumo, es la demostración más concreta de una toma de conciencia en el ser y su papel protagonista en los procesos transformadores de nuestra realidad como especie. En este sentido, vemos que inculcar conocimientos en el área, desde las más jóvenes generaciones, hasta nuestros ancianos, puede lograr positivos cambios para la salud general, tanto del planeta, como del ser humano, siendo el propósito de la investigación conocer la importancia del reciclaje como un hecho significativo para exaltar el valor ambiental en los estudiantes. En cuanto al apartado epistemo­metodológico, se trabajó bajo el paradigma interpretativo, con un método fenomenológico­hermenéutico, usando la observación participante y la entrevista en profundidad, como técnicas de recolección de información, las cuales se aplicaron a un sujeto informante del aula de 4to año, siendo éste seleccionado por ser el más adecuado para el estudio. La técnica de análisis fue reducciones fenomenológicas a los extractos más importantes de la información, la cual fue proporcionada por el sujeto informante durante la entrevista, donde surgieron las categorías que se desglosaron en un cierre eidético que dio a conocer las ideas de la esencia verdadera del pensamiento del informante, así como también se hizo un giro hermenéutico, el cual logró proporcionar sentido a lo que se expresó en la investigación, como un aporte del investigador para dar visión a todo aquello en lo que se puede ir más allá del proceso investigativo(AU)


Recycling, reuse and reduction in consumption is the most concrete demonstration of an awareness of being and its leading role in the transforming processes of our reality as a species. In this sense, we see that instilling knowledge in the area, from the youngest generations, to our elders, can achieve positive changes for the general health, both of the planet and of the human being, the purpose of the research being to know the importance of recycling as a significant fact to exalt the environmental value in students. As for the epistemological-methodological section, we worked under the interpretive paradigm, with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, using participant observation and in-depth interview, as information collection techniques, which were applied to an informant subject from the classroom of 4th year, this being selected for being the most suitable for the study. The analysis technique was phenomenological reductions to the most important extracts of the information, which was provided by the informant subject during the interview, where the categories emerged that were broken down into an eidetic closure that revealed the ideas of the true essence of the informant's thought, as well as a hermeneutical turn, which managed to provide meaning to what was expressed in the investigation, as a contribution of the researcher to give vision to everything in which one can go beyond the investigative process(AU)


Subject(s)
Environmental Health , Conservation of Natural Resources , Recycling , Students , Awareness , Earth, Planet , Environment , Energy Consumption
8.
Saúde debate ; 45(130): 902-914, jul.-set. 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1347902

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O reuso de dispositivos médicos de uso único implica segurança em saúde. Este estudo analisa sistemas regulatórios de reuso de produtos médicos de uso único em âmbito internacional. Trata-se de revisão integrativa, com descritores específicos, sem restrição de ano da publicação. A busca dos dados, entre outubro e dezembro de 2017, incluiu 23 estudos. As políticas de reuso desses produtos variam entre países, com normas legitimando essas práticas, como a norte-americana e a alemã, normas restritivas e regulações inexistentes em nível nacional, como no Canadá, no Japão e na Europa. Essas políticas centram-se na regulação pré-comercialização, estruturam-se na classificação dos produtos, com questões relacionadas ao rótulo dos produtos, se multiuso ou de uso único, ponto-chave do dilema desse reuso. Este estudo aponta a necessidade de reestruturação das políticas de reuso de produtos de uso único quanto à classificação desses dispositivos, bem como à adoção de mecanismos para clarificação do rótulo desses produtos. Ressalta os condicionantes internos e externos que envolvem o desenvolvimento das políticas de saúde e o papel do Estado na preservação dos direitos da saúde de seus cidadãos, em detrimento dos grupos de interesses privados e dotados de fortes recursos de poder, como a indústria de produtos médicos.


ABSTRACT The reuse of single-use medical devices implies health safety. This study analyzes regulatory systems for the reuse of single-use medical products internationally. It is an integrative review, with specific descriptors, with no restriction of year of publication. The search for data, between October and December 2017, included 23 studies. The reuse policies for these products vary between countries, with norms legitimizing these practices, such as the North American and German, restrictive norms and regulations that do not exist at national level, as in Canada, Japan and Europe. These policies focus on pre-marketing regulation, are structured in the classification of products, with issues related to the product label, whether multi-use or single-use, a key point of the dilemma of this reuse. This study points out the need to restructure policies for the reuse of single-use products regarding the classification of these devices, as well as the adoption of mechanisms to clarify the label of these products. It highlights the internal and external constraints that involve the development of health policies and the role of the State in preserving the health rights of its citizens, to the detriment of private interest groups and endowed with strong power resources such as the medical products industry.

9.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 50(2): 423-438, mayo-ago. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1347332

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el desecho de medicamentos es la eliminación de todos aquellos productos farmacéuticos que han expirado, derramado o contaminado y medicamentos que no son de utilidad y necesitan disponerse de forma adecuada. Objetivo: Caracterizar los medicamentos desechados en Costa Rica durante el 2019, con el sistema de recolección de una empresa de recolección de medicamentos en desuso. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo-analítico y de corte transversal. El estudio se desarrolló en las instalaciones de la empresa MPD en Curridabat, San José, donde se almacenan los contenedores de la empresa. Los datos obtenidos se depositaron en una base de datos elaborada en Excel 2016. Resultados: En su mayoría los medicamentos encontrados vencidos eran de uso humano, especialmente para adultos, la forma farmacéutica más común fue la enteral, procedentes de los sectores privado y público. Existe una relación significativa entre la condición de los medicamentos y su origen, así como entre el origen y la forma farmacéutica. No existe relación significativa entre la forma farmacéutica de los medicamentos y la condición de estos, tampoco entre la nacionalidad y la condición. Conclusiones: La condición de desuso fue la que más prevaleció dentro de los medicamentos desechados. El principio activo más desechado fue el paracetamol y el principal grupo farmacológico encontrado en los productos desechados fue el de los analgésicos.


SUMMARY Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, the disposal of medicines is the elimination of all those pharmaceutical products that have expired, spilled, or contaminated and medicines that are not useful and need to be disposed of properly. Objective: To characterize the medicines discarded in Costa Rica during 2019, with the collection system of a company that collects disused medicines. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive-analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out. The study was carried out at the facilities of the MPD Company in Curridabat, San José, where the company's containers are stored. The data obtained was deposited in a database elaborated in Excel 2016. Results: Most of the expired drugs were for human use, especially for adults, the most common pharmaceutical form was enteral, from the private and national sectors. There is a significant relationship between the condition of the drugs and their origin, as well as between the origin and the pharmaceutical form. There is no significant relationship between the pharmaceutical form of the drugs and their condition, nor between nationality and condition. Conclusions: The condition of disuse was the most prevalent among the discarded drugs. The most discarded active principle was paracetamol and the main pharmacological group found in discarded products was analgesics.


RESUMO Introdução: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, o descarte de medicamentos é a eliminação de todos os produtos farmacêuticos vencidos, derramados ou contaminados e os medicamentos que não são úteis e precisam ser descartados de maneira adequada. Objetivo: Caracterizar os medicamentos descartados na Costa Rica durante o 2019, com o sistema de coleta de uma empresa que coleta medica mentos fora de uso. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo-analítico e transversal. O estudo foi realizado nas instalações da empresa MPD em Curridabat, San José, onde estão armazenados os contentores da empresa. Os dados obtidos foram depositados em banco de dados elaborado no Excel 2016. Resultados: A maioria dos medicamentos vencidos era para uso humano, principalmente para adultos, a forma farmacêutica mais comum foi a enteral, do setor privado e nacional. Existe uma relação significativa entre o estado dos medicamentos e sua origem, bem como entre a origem e a forma farmacêutica. Não existe relação significativa entre a forma farmacêutica dos medicamentos e o seu estado de saúde, nem entre a nacionalidade e o estado de saúde. Conclusões: A condição de desuso foi a mais prevalente entre os medicamentos descartados. O princípio ativo mais descartado foi o paracetamol e o principal grupo farmacológico encontrado nos produtos descartados foram os analgésicos.

10.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 2753-2764, 2021.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-887838

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to addressing the energy shortage problem. Microbial lipids have attracted widespread attention as one of the potential feed-stocks for cost-effective and efficient biodiesel production. However, the large-scale production of microbial lipids is hampered by the complexity and the high cost of aseptic culturing approach. Metschnikowia pulcherrima is an oleaginous yeast with strong environmental adaptability. It is capable of utilizing a wide spectrum of substrates, and can be cultured under non-sterile conditions. Therefore, this yeast has great potential to replace the traditional oleaginous microorganisms, particularly in the area of recycling wastewater and solid waste for the production of biodiesel. Based on the analysis of lipid production and application conditions of M. pulcherrima, this review summarized the unique advantages of M. pulcherrima and the key factors affecting lipids production. We further discussed the feasibility of cultivating M. pulcherrima on various organic wastes under non-sterile conditions for lipids production. Moreover, we analyzed the challenges associated with M. pulcherrima's in the yield and mechanism for lipids production, and proposed perspectives for how to achieve efficient biodiesel production using this yeast.


Subject(s)
Biofuels , Candida , Lipids , Metschnikowia , Yeasts
11.
Braz. dent. sci ; 24(3): 1-9, 2021. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | BBO, LILACS | ID: biblio-1282061

ABSTRACT

Objective: The recycling of heat pressed lithium disilicate glass-ceramic leftover material has been reported to be done by dental laboratories. The effect of this procedure on the fracture resistance of single crowns is unknown, especially when it is functioning inside the oral cavity with subsequent exposure to temperature changes and cycles of mastication. Material and Methods: A total of 28 lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns (IPS emax Press) were constructed and randomly assigned into two groups (n = 14); Group (P): Included crowns fabricated from new e.max ingots. Group (R): Included crowns fabricated from repressed e.max buttons. Specimens of each group were divided into two equal subgroups (n = 7) according to whether the aging of specimens will be performed or not before fracture resistance testing. Subgroup (N), samples were subjected to fracture resistance without thermo-mechanical aging, while subgroup (A), samples were subjected to thermo-cycling and cyclic loading before being subjected to fracture strength testing. Different methods; SEM, XRD, EDAX were used to characterize the properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics before and after repressing. Results: The highest statistically significant fracture resistance value was recorded for the subgroup (RN) repressed/non-aged, followed by the subgroup repressed/aged (RA), while the lowest statistically significant mean value was recorded for the subgroup pressed/aged (PA). There was no significant difference between pressed/non-aged (PN) and repressed/aged (RA) subgroups. Conclusion: Repressing of leftover buttons may increase the fracture resistance of IPS emax Press crowns. Thermo-mechanical aging may negatively affect the fracture resistance of IPS emax Press crowns, yet Repressing may decrease this effect. Clinical implications:This is a novel approach that targets a point of research that has not been investigated before. It elaborates how repressing may decrease the effect of aging and increase the fracture resistance of lithium disilicate crowns. Thus, recycling of lithium disilicate glass ceramics might decrease its failure and prolong their serviceability (AU)


Objetivo: A reutilização de material residual de vitrocerâmicas de dissilicato de lítio prensadas a quente tem sido realizada pelos laboratórios de prótese. O efeito deste procedimento na resistência à fratura de coroas unitárias é desconhecido, especialmente quando estão em função na cavidade oral com subsequente exposição às variações de temperatura e ciclos mastigatórios. Material e Métodos: Vinte e oito coroas de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max Press) foram confeccionadas e divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n = 14); Grupo (P): Incluiu coroas fabricadas de pastilhas novas de e.max; Grupo (R): Incluiu coroas fabricadas de e.max reprensado. As amostras de cada grupo foram divididas em dois subgrupos iguais (n = 7) de acordo com a realização de envelhecimento dos espécimes antes do teste de resistência à fratura. As amostras do subgrupo (N) foram submetidas ao teste de resistência à fratura sem envelhecimento termomecânico, enquanto as amostras do subgrupo (A) foram submetidas ao envelhecimento termomecânico antes do teste de resistência à fratura. Diferentes métodos (MEV, DRX e EDS) foram usados para caracterizar as propriedades da cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio antes e depois da reprensagem. Resultados: O maior valor de resistência à fratura estatisticamente significativo foi do subgrupo (RN) reprensado/não envelhecido, seguido pelo subgrupo reprensado/envelhecido (RA), enquanto o menor valor médio estatisticamente significativo foi do subgrupo prensado/envelhecido (PA). Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos prensado/não envelhecido (PN) e reprensado/envelhecido (RA). Conclusão: A reprensagem de material residual pode aumentar a resistência à fratura de coroas de IPS e.max Press. O envelhecimento termomecânico pode afetar negativamente na resistência à fratura deste material, enquanto a reprensagem pode diminuir este efeito. Relevância clínica: Esta é uma nova abordagem que busca estudar um tema que não havia sido investigado anteriormente. Este estudo demonstrou como a reprensagem pode diminuir o efeito do envelhecimento e aumentar a resistência à fratura de coroas de dissilicato de lítio. Assim, a reutilização de vitrocerâmicas de dissilicato de lítio pode diminuir o risco à falha e aumentar o tempo de vida útil (AU)


Subject(s)
Crowns , Recycling , Flexural Strength , Mouth
12.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1248347

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Verificar a associação da distância da habitação em relação a sítios de reciclagem sobre habilidades cognitivas em escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qual aplicou-se a escala Wechsler Abreviada de Inteligência em 100 escolares de 6 a 14 anos. As crianças foram divididas em um grupo de estudo (expostos), cujas residências estavam situadas a menos de 100 metros de sítios de reciclagem, em um bairro da cidade de Caxias do Sul. Houve um grupo controle, cujas residências estavam a mais de 150 metros de algum sítio de reciclagem, no mesmo bairro ou adjacências. Resultados: A habitação próxima a sítios de reciclagem aumentou a chance de apresentar quociente de inteligência baixo nos escolares na análise univariada (OR 2,19; IC95% 1,21­3,95). No quociente de inteligência total, o escore obtido foi de 84 no grupo exposto e 95 no grupo controle (p≤0,01). Quando ajustadas para outras variáveis potencialmente prejudiciais, a escolaridade materna elevada mostrou-se um fator atenuador do impacto da distância (OR 0,28; IC95% 0,11­0,72). A diferença encontrada entre os escores de quociente de inteligência verbal foi de 14 pontos (p<0,01); no quociente de inteligência de execução a diferença foi de 4 pontos (p=0,04). Conclusões: A distância entre a habitação e os sítios de reciclagem de resíduos pode reduzir habilidades cognitivas em escolares, mas esse efeito parece ser atenuado pela escolaridade materna. Essa associação reforça as preocupações sobre o impacto do manejo inadequado de resíduos urbanos, podendo vir a subsidiar a criação de políticas públicas que visem diminuir exposições ambientais potencialmente danosas.


Aims: We verified the association of housing distance in relation to recycling sites on schoolchildren's cognitive abilities. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was applied to 100 schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years. Children were divided into a study group (exposed), whose households were located less than 100 meters from recycling sites in a neighborhood in the city of Caxias do Sul, and a control group, whose homes were located more than 150 meters from a recycling site in the same neighborhood or nearby. Results: Residences located more than 150 meters away from a recycling site can reduce the chance of low intelligence quotient in schoolchildren in the univariate analysis (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.21-3.95). The full-scale intelligence quotient score was 84 in the exposed group and 95 in the control group (p≤0.01). When adjusted for other potentially harmful variables, higher maternal education was a mitigating factor of distance impact (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.72). The difference found among verbal intelligence quotient scores was 14 points (p<0.01); in the performance intelligence quotient, the difference was 4 points (p=0.04). Conclusions: Living close to waste recycling sites can reduces cognitive abilities in schoolchildren, and this effect seems to be attenuated by maternal education. This association reinforces concerns about the impact of inadequate urban waste management, and may subsidize the creation of public policies that aim to reduce potentially harmful environmental exposures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Cognitive Dysfunction , Solid Waste , Growth and Development , Recycling , Intelligence Tests
13.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 25(5): 739-752, set.-out. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142902

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Desastres naturais envolvem, com frequência, múltiplos esforços nas fases de resposta e resiliência. Um dos desafios que surgem nessas ocasiões é o de reaproveitar detritos - na sua maioria compostos por resíduos sólidos de baixo nível de contaminação, mas de pouco interesse comercial, devido às dificuldades envolvidas no seu recolhimento e segregação. Este artigo busca mostrar que tal tarefa pode contribuir beneficamente para a logística humanitária (LH) em países que já tenham uma regulamentação em vigor quanto ao gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD). A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) no Brasil é apresentada e comentada, bem como as principais normas e tecnologias para o tratamento de RCD, existentes há duas décadas, mas que apenas recentemente vêm sendo oferecidas por meio de máquinas menores em tamanho, escala de processamento e consumo de energia, permitindo o tratamento desses resíduos também em situações emergenciais. A seguir, mostra-se como a ocorrência de um desastre pode auxiliar cidades atingidas a se adequarem mais rapidamente à regulamentação enquanto gera, a partir dos detritos, subprodutos de maior valor agregado, com potencial de utilização no esforço de reconstrução tanto de obras públicas quanto privadas. Utilizou-se como estudo de caso o evento de chuvas em excesso ocorrido na cidade de Nova Friburgo, nos dias 11 e 12 de janeiro de 2011. Conclui-se que uma grande oportunidade está sendo desperdiçada, também para se diminuir o stress pós-traumático, tanto pelas comunidades atingidas como por quem planeja ou executa ações de resposta e resiliência pós-desastres naturais.


ABSTRACT Natural disasters often involve work from multiple efforts in both response and resilience phases. One of the challenges that arise on those occasions is recycling the debris - mostly composed of low contamination solid wastes, but offering little commercial interest, due to the difficulties involved in their collection and segregation. This paper aims to show that this task can contribute beneficially to Humanitarian Logistics (HL) in countries that already have regulations in place regarding the management of construction and demolition waste (CDW). The National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS) in Brazil is presented and commented on, as well as the main standards and technologies for CDW treatment, which have existed for two decades, but which have only recently been offered through equipment smaller in size, processing scale, and energy consumption, allowing the treatment of these wastes also in emergency situations. Then it is showed how disasters can help stricken cities to take some advantage to adapt themselves more quickly to regulation, while generating from the waste by-products of higher added value, with potential to be used in the reconstruction effort of both public and private constructions. The event of excessive rains occurred in the city of Nova Friburgo, on January 11th and 12th, 2011, was used as a case study. It is concluded that a great opportunity is being wasted, also to reduce post-traumatic stress, by both affected population and those who plan or carry out post-disaster response and resilience actions.

14.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 27(supl.1): 231-251, Sept. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134091

ABSTRACT

Abstract Hospitals and other health facilities generate an ever-increasing amount of waste, approximately 15% of which may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive. The World Health Organization has been addressing the issue since the 1980s. After initially focusing on high-income countries, it then focused on low-income countries, with unsafe disposal methods in landfills and inadequate incinerators as major concerns. Gradually, the understanding of the issue has undergone several shifts, including from a focus on the component of medical waste considered "hazardous" to all forms of waste, and from accepting medical waste as a necessary downside of high-quality healthcare to seeing the avoidance of healthcare waste as a component of high quality healthcare.


Resumo Hospitais e outros centros de tratamento de saúde geram um volume de resíduos cada vez maior, dos quais cerca de 15% podem ser infecciosos, tóxicos ou radioativos. A Organização Mundial da Saúde começou a enfrentar o problema na década de 1980. Inicialmente, concentrou-se nos países ricos, depois mudou o foco para os países pobres, onde métodos de eliminação inseguros, como aterros sanitários e incineradores inadequados, preocupavam. Aos poucos, a compreensão do problema passou por mudanças, inclusive do enfoque no conteúdo do resíduo hospitalar considerado "perigoso", passando para todas as formas de resíduos, e da aceitação do resíduo médico como um inconveniente inerente aos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade, até o conceito de que evitar a produção de resíduos hospitalares faz parte dos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade.


Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Waste Management/history , Health Facility Administration/history , Medical Waste/history , Waste Management/methods , Health Facilities/history
15.
Rev. colomb. quím. (Bogotá) ; 49(1): 3-10, Jan.-Apr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098953

ABSTRACT

Abstract By means of recycling an enzyme, bromelain was used in casein hydrolysis facilitated by a nanobiocatalyst consisting of bromelain, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles, chitosan, and glutaraldehyde. Bromelain was immobilized on the chitosan cobalt-magnetite nanoparticle surface via covalent bonds to form the nanobiocatalyst. Immobilized bromelain showed 77% immobilization binding, retaining 85 ± 2% of the initial catalytic activity. Nanoparticles and immobilized bromelain were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies, X-ray, square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), vibrating-sample magnetization (VSM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) and VMAX of the free and immobilized enzyme were calculated: KM = 2.1 ± 0.18 mM and 1.8 mM, respectively and VMAX = 6.08 x 10-2 ± 2.1 x 10-2 U/min and 6.46 ± 0.91 U/min, respectively. The thermal stability of the free enzyme was higher than the immobilized enzyme: 95-98% and 83-87%, respectively. An optimum pH of 6 and a temperature of 20 °C were determined in both cases. Immobilized bromelain maintained 50% of the initial catalytic activity after the fifth use. The immobilized bromelain proved to be effective and reusable for casein hydrolysis. As novel contribution the characterization by VOC and CV was carried out.


Resumen Se investigó la reutilización de la bromelina inmovilizada sobre nanopartículas magnéticas de CoFe2O4 para la hidrólisis de caseína. La inmovilización se efectuó covalentemente en un catalizador de nanopartículas de hierro y cobalto recubiertas con quitosano, glutaraldehído y bromelina. La bromelina alcanzó un máximo de inmovilización del 77%, conservando el 85 ± 2% de su actividad catalítica inicial a los 30 min. La caracterización del catalizador se realizó por espectrofotometría IR y UV-Vis, microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), difracción de rayos X, voltametría de onda cuadrada (VOC), voltametría cíclica (VC) y magnetización de muestra vibrante (VSM). Los parámetros cinéticos KM y VMAX de la enzima libre e inmovilizada fueron: KM = 2,1 ± 0,18 mM y 1,8 ± 0,16 mM, respectivamente y VMAX = 6,08 x 10-2 ± 2,1 x 10-2 U/min y 6,46 ± 0,91 U/min, respectivamente. La estabilidad térmica de la enzima libre fue mayor que la de enzima inmovilizada: 95-98% y 83-87%, respectivamente. Se determinó un pH óptimo de 6 y temperatura de 20 °C en ambos casos. La bromelina inmovilizada mantuvo el 50% de su actividad catalítica hasta el quinto uso. Como aporte novedoso se realizó, en este estudio se realizó la caracterización por VOC y VC.


Resumo Foi estudado o reuso da enzima bromelina imobilizada sobre nano partículas magnéticas de CoFe2O4, para a hidrólise de caseína. A imobilização efetuou-se covalentemente em um catalisador de nano partículas de cobalto e ferro recobertas com quitosano, glutaraldehido e bromelina. A bromelina atingiu seu máximo de imobilização do 77% aos 30 minutos, conservando o 85 ± 2% da sua atividade catalítica inicial. A caraterização foi feita mediante espectrofotometria IV e UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), difração de raios X, voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ), voltametria cíclica (VC) e por magnetização de amostra vibrante (VSM). Os parâmetros cinéticos KM e VMAX da enzima livre e imobilizada foram KM = 2,1 ± 0,18 mM e 1,8 8 ± 0,16mM, respeitivamente; VMAX = 6,08 x 10-2 ± 2,1 x 10-2 U/min e 6,46 ± 0,91 U/min, respectivamente. A estabilidade térmica da enzima livre (95-98%) foi maior do que a estabilidade da enzima imobilizada (83-87%), determinou-se um pH óptimo de 6 e temperatura de 20 °C em ambos os casos. A bromelina imobilizada manteve o 50% de sua atividade catalítica até o quinto uso. Como aporte inovador neste estudo apresenta-se a caraterização por VOQ e VC.

16.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 25(2): 281-291, mar.-abr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098200

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver um modelo de avaliação da viabilidade econômico-financeira da implantação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos da construção civil e demolição (URRCD) em municípios brasileiros. O modelo de avaliação proposto para cada projeto de investimento (PI) em estudo uniu o modelo de negócio Canvas, o plano de negócios, a metodologia multi-índice proposta por Souza e Clemente (2009) e ampliada por Lima et al. (2015) por meio do aplicativo web $AVEPI. Também foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade por meio de limites de elasticidade e valores-limite, bem como uma análise estocástica utilizando a simulação de Monte Carlo (SMC). Com base na proposição desse modelo, este foi aplicado em um estudo de caso no município de Pato Branco (PR). Os resultados mostram que há viabilidade econômico-financeira na implantação desse PI, uma vez que o valor presente líquido médio é de aproximadamente R$ 583.919,87, e a recuperação do investimento se concretizará em 12 anos (payback). Por meio da SMC, visualizou-se que há alta probabilidade (99,78%) de que o investimento na URRCD de Pato Branco seja rentável. Entretanto, os índices de elasticidade mostraram que é preciso monitorar as receitas esperadas e os custos estimados com mais atenção. Assim, será preciso um trabalho, por parte dos gestores da URRCD, em prol de sempre estarem buscando aumentar a demanda pelos agregados reciclados, como maneira de aumentar a receita da usina, desde que se respeite a sua capacidade de produção.


ABSTRACT This work had as main objective to develop an evaluation model for analyzing the economic and financial feasibility of implementing Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants (URRCD) in Brazilian municipalities. The evaluation model proposed for the Investment Project (IP) under study was performed using the business model Canvas, the business plan, the multi-index method proposed by Souza and Clemente (2009) and expanded by Lima et al. (2015) through the $AVEPI Web app. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed, through the elasticity limits and limit values as well as a stochastic analysis using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). From the proposition of this model, it was applied in a case study in Pato Branco, Paraná. The results showed that there is economic and financial viability in the implementation of this IP, since the average Net Present Value (NPV) is about R$ 583,919.87 and the investment recovery will materialize in 12 years (Payback). Through MCS, it was observed that there is a high probability (99.78%) that the investment in the URRCD of Pato Branco, Paraná, be profitable. However, the elasticity indices showed that it is necessary to monitor the expected revenues and the estimated costs with more attention. Thus, it will require a work by the managers of the URRCD, in favor of always seeking to increase the demand for recycled aggregates, as a way to increase the revenue of the plant, as long as it does not exceed its production capacity.

17.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 25(2): 271-279, mar.-abr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098209

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Os resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS) são todos aqueles resíduos gerados nos serviços que prestam atendimento à saúde humana ou animal. Os RSS são classificados em cinco grupos (Grupo A, Grupo B, Grupo C, Grupo D e Grupo E), dos quais uma parcela apresenta periculosidade. A legislação brasileira recomenda que os resíduos pertencentes ao Grupo D sejam reciclados. Contudo, com base na má segregação existente, o encaminhamento desses materiais representa riscos aos profissionais que manejam os resíduos intra e extraestabelecimentos de saúde, incluindo os trabalhadores que atuam junto às cooperativas de triagem de materiais recicláveis. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a presença de RSS destinados inadequadamente às cooperativas de triagem de materiais recicláveis de um município da zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foi realizada uma caracterização quali-quantitativa dos RSS incidentes nas cinco cooperativas do município durante o período de quatro semanas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se a presença de RSS no programa de coleta seletiva (PCS) municipal e, também, que a quantidade incidente varia conforme a cooperativa estudada e a semana avaliada. Ao final das caracterizações, foram quantificados 36,23 kg de RSS entre todas as cooperativas. Tais resultados indicam falhas na segregação e na destinação de RSS, seja pela população e/ou pelos estabelecimentos de saúde, além de evidenciarem a fragilidade existente no PCS do município. À vista disso, torna-se necessária a implementação de políticas públicas, tanto educativas quanto de fiscalização, que sejam capazes de assegurar maior segurança no âmbito de trabalho das cooperativas de triagem de materiais recicláveis.


ABSTRACT Healthcare waste (HCW) is all the waste generated by human or animal health care activities. HCW is classified into five groups, of which a portion presents hazardousness. Brazilian legislation recommends that waste belonging to Group D be recycled. However, based on the poor existing waste segregation, the forwarding of these materials presents risks to the professionals who handle them inside and out of health care facilities, including the workers within recyclable material waste picker cooperatives. In such a context, this study aimed to investigate the presence of HCW inappropriately sent to waste pickers cooperatives of a municipality in the south of Rio Grande do Sul. To this end, a qualitative and quantitative characterization of HCW incidence in the five cooperatives of the municipality was performed during the period of four weeks. From the results obtained, it was possible to verify the presence of HCW in the municipal selective waste collection program and that HCW quantities vary according to the waste pickers cooperative studied and the week being evaluated. At the end of the characterizations, 36.23 kg of HCW were quantified amongst all the cooperatives. Such results indicate flaws in HCW segregation and destination, either by the population and/or by health care facilities, in addition to showing the fragility in the municipality's selective waste collection program. In view of this, it is necessary to implement public policies, both educational and supervisory, that can ensure greater safety in the work environment of recyclable material waste picker cooperatives.

18.
Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs ; (24): 2857-2862, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-846377

ABSTRACT

Chinese medicine resources are national strategic resources, which not only make important contributions to human health, but also provide an important material basis for disease prevention and control of livestock and poultry. With the promulgation and implementation of the policy of banning antibiotics in livestock and poultry feeding products, the development of feeding products that can effectively replace antibiotics has become a research hotspot in the animal husbandry industry. Feeding products with traditional Chinese medicine based on natural plant resources have been recognized as an important direction to realize the replacement of antibiotics in feeding products. In the process of production and industrialization of Chinese medicinal materials, a large number of non-medicinal parts and by-products have not been effectively utilized, which not only causes huge waste of resources, but also exacerbates the pressure of ecological environment. However, modern research has found that most of these unused wastes and by-products are rich in feedable resources with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, digestive-promoting and nutritional functions. In addition, these wastes and by-products exhibit the resource characteristics such as huge reserves and low production costs, and are urgently needed to be disposed. Accordingly, this paper puts forward that non-medicinal parts and by-products produced in the production and industrialization of Chinese medicinal materials are the important raw materials for the development of antibiotic alternative feeding products. Then, the feasibility of this proposal was analyzed, the existing research practices were summarized, and some suggestions for industrial development were proposed, with view to providing support for the improvement of the utilization efficiency and green development of Chinese medicine resources industry, and providing an effective alternative to feeding antibiotics.

19.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica ; (24): 2036-2041, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-827983

ABSTRACT

Gastrodia elata is a kind of precious traditional Chinese medicine. In artificial cultivation, it has not got rid of its dependence on forest resources. In order to maintain the balance of the ecological system and reduce the waste of resources as much as possible, based on the information from field investigation at many places, this paper introduced the new ecological circulation planting patterns of G. elata, such as "forest-G. elata" supporting planting, G. elata-edible mushroom rotation, forest-G. elata-edible mushroom three-dimensional planting, fungus material classification planting technology, and so on. In this paper, we expounded the ecological problems solved by several planting patterns in G. elata production and analyzed their shortcomings. Finally, based on the exis-ting models, a complete ecological planting system of G. elata was summarized. This planting system emphasizes: ① The follow-up forests should be started before the planting of G. elata. And the economic forests were used to cultivation of G. elata. ② The classified utilization of fungus-growing materials. The leaves were used to cultivate germination bacteria of G. elata, the small branches were used to cultivate protocorm and juvenile tuber, the large branches were used to cultivate immature tuber, and the tree trunk was used to cultivate mature tuber. ③ Recycle utilization G. elata fungus material. The old fungus materials were used to produce strains or cultivate edible fungus. This design project not only solves the problems of the source of G. elata fungus material, the efficient utilization of fungus material and land resources, but also enriches the industrial structure. Using limited time and land resources to obtain greater economic benefits. It has certain guiding significance for poverty alleviation and ecological improvement.


Subject(s)
Agaricales , Bacteria , Gastrodia , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant Tubers
20.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 24(6): 1103-1113, nov.-dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056124

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Os impactos ambientais gerados por processos produtivos é um assunto em crescente evidência no mundo organizacional, e a análise comparativa de processos vem sendo utilizada pelas empresas para verificar os impactos ambientais e suas principais fontes de emissões. A análise dos impactos de um processo produtivo, com dois contextos distintos para a produção de hastes de óculos de policarbonato (PC), em uma indústria localizada no interior de São Paulo, foi realizada com a finalidade de comparar os impactos ambientais gerados. Para isso, foram definidos dois cenários: o 1 representa o processo de injeção que utiliza 100% de PC virgem como matéria-prima, enquanto o 2 usa apenas 20% de matéria-prima virgem, sendo o restante proveniente de resíduos de PC reciclados internamente. Dados quantitativos e qualitativos referentes aos cenários foram coletados e utilizados para identificar os impactos ambientais gerados com o auxílio da metodologia de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV). Com os resultados obtidos e a análise comparativa realizada, foi possível verificar os benefícios ambientais resultantes da reciclagem interna da matéria-prima. A redução dos impactos no cenário 2 em comparação com o 1 foi expressiva, principalmente, devido à diminuição da necessidade da produção de matéria-prima virgem. Em todas as categorias de impactos analisadas, ocorreram reduções - por exemplo, na categoria "mudanças climáticas", a redução foi superior a 70%.


ABSTRACT The environmental impacts generated by production processes is a subject that is increasingly evident in the organizational world and the comparative analysis of processes is an effective method used by companies to verify their environmental impacts and main emission sources. The analysis of environmental impacts for a process with two different scenarios to produce Polycarbonate (PC) glasses temples, in an industry located in the region of São Paulo, was performed in order to compare the environmental impacts generated by both scenarios. Thus, two scenarios were defined: scenario 1 represents the injection process that uses 100% of virgin PC as raw material; while scenario 2 uses only 20% of virgin raw material, the remainder PC waste being internally recycled. Quantitative and qualitative data related to the scenarios were collected and used to identify the impacts generated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. With the results obtained and the comparative analysis performed, it was possible to verify the environmental benefits of using the internal recycling of raw material. The impact reduction in scenario 2, compared to scenario 1, was significant, mainly due to the decrease of the need to produce virgin raw material. There were no reductions in all impact categories analyzed; for example, reduction was over 70% in the "climate change" category.

SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL